If you were to turn on the news, there is very little in the way of observable data that would suggest that an all-powerful, all-loving God currently presides over the world as its one true sovereign. Leave the events that the news details aside, would a loving God really suffer the inanity that floods the airwaves of the 24/7 news programs? If we were to accept the notion that there was some integrating force to the disparate, chaotic nonsense that saturates the front pages of every news website, it would seem any thoughtful person would conclude that this ruler is quite terrible at the business of actually governing the world. And yet, in the biblical narrative, almost hidden between the astounding resurrection of Christ at the end of each gospel account and the birth of the church in Acts 2 is an event that gives clarity and shape to both events, an event largely ignored by the western Church: the ascension of Jesus.
Yes, the biblical claim is that Jesus sits at the right hand of God almighty, enthroned as the world’s true Lord reigning right now. So what on earth is he doing up there? What does it mean for Jesus to be Lord in the here and now? First, let’s examine some distortions of this claim. The Epicureans were the descendants of the philosopher Epicurus. Although this perspective later came to be associated with wanton pleasure-seeking, Epicurus did not promote this sort of behavior. Epicurus merely taught that the gods, whomever they are, exist in eternal bliss and are unaffected and disinterested in the affairs of mortals. His legacy found its most influential expression in the Enlightenment in what was referred to as deism, essentially that God was an eternal watchmaker that built the timepiece, put the battery in it and left it to function however it would. Thomas Jefferson famously claimed to be an Epicurean. In a letter written late in his life to William Short, he wrote:
Epictetus and Epicurus give laws for governing ourselves, Jesus a supplement of the duties and charities we owe to others. – Thomas Jefferson, October, 1819
Notice, for Jefferson it is Epicurus who tells us how to govern ourselves, Jesus is just a nice add-on. Separation of church and state, if you will. As NT Wright often points out this is the fundamental assumption of the Enlightenment that God is the ruler of heaven and he stays up there and leaves the governance of the earth to humans. Jesus is Lord thus implies the dualism that Jesus is Lord of the heavenly realm but can hardly be bothered with intervention in the earthly sphere.
The second distortion of the claim Jesus is Lord touches less upon politics and more upon theodicy and providence. The Stoics, a philosophical school which gained prominence in the early centuries of the common era Roman Empire, share a lot of similar convictions to Christians. There are even apocryphal letters, fabrications of later history, between Seneca and Paul. For the Stoics, for women and men to allow their emotions and impulses to govern their behavior is the height of vice and results not in freedom but the debasement of what it means to be human. The stoics believed that the world was initially constructed out of divine matter (Gk. pneuma meaning “spirit”) and that eventually the world would be dissolved by the deity into primeval fire. For the stoics, all of existence was an expression of the divine will, they were pantheists for whom the divine operated in every occurrence of nature and human interaction, and thus everything truly happened “for a reason.”
For Jesus to be “Lord” in the biblical sense did not entail either of these trajectories. He was neither the Lord of heaven alone and subsequent absent landlord of earth nor the micromanager of the cosmos. Jesus’ lordship like, it seems, all of the most hallowed and beautiful Christian claims is a paradox. A paradox of distance and nearness. In the distortions of Epicureanism and Stoicism we see an overemphasis upon one element of the truth but the Gospel continually shows itself capable of holding seemingly disparate parts in concert together. Jesus’ lordship is one of distance, transcendence. His resurrection has affirmed him as the world’s true Lord, the king of kings to which all earthly authorities will give accounting for their stewardship over their peoples and resources. Paul describes this present reality in Ephesians 1:
20 God put this power to work in Christ when he raised him from the dead and seated him at his right hand in the heavenly places, 21 far above all rule and authority and power and dominion, and above every name that is named, not only in this age but also in the age to come. 22 And he has put all things under his feet and has made him the head over all things for the church, 23 which is his body, the fullness of him who fills all in all.
Jesus is enthroned, he is the one to whom all owe allegiance. But he is not simply ruling elsewhere. I think the temptation here is to think of Jesus’ reign in terms of some of our cultural stories like Tolkien’s Return of the King where the deposed sovereign works to reoccupy their rightful throne that is currently subsumed by dark forces. For the biblical timeline, Jesus has already done the work of deposing evil on the cross, by absorbing the full weight of sin and death and exhausting their powers. The ascension is Jesus’ sabbath rest after recreating the world, he sits down at the right hand of the Father and beckons the whole world to enter into his rest. Jesus is risen and reigning, resting in the completion of his fulfillment of all righteousness. Right now.
His Lordship means transcendence, but to be truly transcendent is to transcend every distance. He is near. He is God with us, the one who will never leave us or forsake us, in the heights of heaven or the depths of sheol, he is there. There is nothing in all of creation that can separate us from his gracious presence. Jesus’ reign is not that of an austere demagogue signing executive orders from heaven but the loving shepherd leading and walking alongside his people, even in the valley of the shadow of death, even to the end of the age.
Distance and nearness. Power and pathos. As Christians we are called to live out this paradox, as witnesses to the Lordship of Christ, in the worlds that we walk in. Jesus’ has exercised his sovereignty in emptying himself fully entrusting his life in the hands of the Father. He has given us his divine Spirit to do the same. It may seem a tautology but we can live out the Lordship of Jesus because Jesus is Lord. We enact and embody his power whenever we, together as church communities, embody the alternative Kingdom, when we refuse the pragmatics of party politics and instead bear unique prophetic witness even at great cost to self. We embody his power when our we receive the grace of his rule and our lives and words announce the resurrection and reign of King Jesus. We incarnate the nearness of our God when we suffer on behalf of the world. We find strength, hope, joy, and yes, even resurrection in those places because our God, King Jesus, is with us always.
The rest of Acts bears witness to the Lordship of Jesus. The mysterious Spirit of God descends upon the people enabling them to live out this Lordship. They respond not by grasping for power but rather by bearing witness: praising God, delighting in the words of Scripture and the surprising and beautiful story they tell about Jesus, sharing their stuff, taking care of widows, healing the sick, proclaiming the reality of the resurrection, and bearing prophetic witness to the emissaries of the Roman governor that Jesus is Lord, and Caesar is not.